The Riksdag decides whether to pass new legislation. The majority of legislative proposals are initiated by the Government. Around bills are submitted to the Riksdag by the Government every year. Some of them propose entirely new legislation while others propose amendments to existing laws. Some of the issues handled by the Government are more complex than others. In such contexts, the Government may appoint an inquiry chair one person or a committee of inquiry a group consisting of several people to investigate the issue.
The Government issues terms of reference setting out the mandate for the inquiry. Inquiry conclusions are gathered in a report which is published and made available to the public.
Some legislation affecting Sweden is enacted by the European Union. Certain laws adopted in the EU are directly applicable in Sweden without the need for the Riksdag to take a decision on the matter.
Sweden is a democracy with a parliamentary form of government, which means that all public power proceeds from the people. Laws are passed by the Riksdag, a parliament of members elected by the people every four years. Following each election, the Speaker of the Riksdag proposes a new prime minister.
The Prime Minister is then appointed by the Riksdag and tasked with forming a government. The Government, led by a prime minister, governs Sweden. The monarch has a symbolic function as head of state and almost exclusively ceremonial duties.
When general elections are held in Sweden, the seven million people entitled to vote have an opportunity to influence who will represent the people in the Riksdag, county councils and municipalities. To vote in the three elections, you must have turned 18 on election day at the latest.
Various specific rules also apply:. In addition to voting in elections, there are other ways to influence policy in Sweden. These include joining a political party, submitting views on inquiry reports and taking part in referendums.
Every five years there are also elections to the European Parliament, the only EU institution that is directly elected. Everyone who is a national of an EU Member State and is registered as resident in Sweden is entitled to vote in Sweden. Sweden is governed at three levels: national, regional and local. In addition to these there is the European level.
National level: The Riksdag, which has the power to pass legislation, represents the people at national level. The Government governs Sweden by executing decisions taken by the Riksdag and initiating new laws and legislative amendments. The Government is supported in this by the Government Offices and the government agencies.
Regional level : Sweden is divided into 21 counties. Each county has a regional central government authority, the county administrative board. Some other government agencies also operate at regional and local level. There are 20 county councils. They are led by political assemblies elected by the people. The main task of county councils is health care. Counties and county councils cover the same geographical area with one exception so they are usually regarded jointly as the regional level.
The highest decision-making bodies are the county council assemblies or regional councils. The county councils' activities are governed by the Local Government Act, but there is scope for autonomy, i. Local level : Sweden has approximately municipalities. The municipalities are responsible for the majority of public services in the area where you live. Their most important responsibilities include preschools, schools, social services and elderly care.
The municipalities are governed by politicians elected by the people. The municipalities' activities are governed by the Local Government Act, but as at regional level there is some scope for autonomy. European level : Sweden is covered by the EU regulatory framework and participates in the process whereby new common rules are drafted and adopted.
The Prime Minister has overall responsibility for developing and coordinating Sweden's EU policy and represents Sweden in the European Council, which lays down guidelines for future cooperation. The Constitution takes precedence over all other laws, and no other law may conflict with its provisions.
Nor can it be amended as easily as other laws. Amendments require the Riksdag to take the same decision on two separate occasions. A parliamentary election must also have taken place between the two decisions. The Constitution concerns Sweden's form of government, succession to the throne, freedom of expression and of the press, and other fundamental freedoms and rights. Responsibility for ensuring that human rights are not violated rests with the Riksdag, the Government and the national, regional and local government administration as a whole.
The Government's longterm goal is to ensure full respect for human rights in Sweden. In Sweden, human rights are primarily safeguarded through the Constitution and other laws and ordinances. There are also other international intergovernmental agreements establishing human rights. The Government's efforts to promote and protect human rights permeate both national policy and all aspects of foreign policy.
Central government, municipalities and county councils must:. Sweden has a long tradition of work for gender equality. Gender equality means that women and men enjoy the same rights and opportunities in all areas of life, for example equal opportunities on the labour market, shared responsibility for the home and children and economic equality. One important date in this respect was , when women gained the right to vote.
Many reforms and laws have been introduced since that date. The proportion of women on the Swedish labour market has increased rapidly since the mids, and today women work to almost the same extent as men.
But the balance of power and influence between women and men still varies between different sectors of society. Politics is one of the most gender-equal sectors. The proportion of women and men in the Riksdag is 45 per cent and 55 per cent respectively.
There are fewer women in leading positions in other areas, such as science, culture, mass media, the Church of Sweden and business. Despite certain changes in recent years, the business sector is the most heavily male-dominated. The principle of public access means that, as far as possible, the activities of government agencies, the Riksdag and local government decision-making bodies should be open.
To guarantee transparency in these activities, the principle of public access to official documents has been enshrined in one of the fundamental laws, the Freedom of the Press Act. The principle of public access entitles the general public to access official documents. Documents that are received or sent out by the Government Offices and other government agencies, e.
As a general rule, all incoming documents should be registered by the receiving authority. Notes and draft decisions are not normally classified as official documents. If you want to know what documents are held by a government agency or to get hold of them, you should contact the agency in question.
The principle of public access also means that officials and others working in central government, municipalities and county councils have freedom of communication. This means that, with some exceptions, they have the right to tell, for example, the media about matters that would otherwise be secret without punishment and without the employer finding out who provided the information. An important function in guaranteeing transparency in the public sector is the system of ombudsmen, a concept which has spread to several other countries.
The Ombudsmen for Justice JO — or Parliamentary Ombudsmen, as they are officially known — are elected by the Riksdag to ensure that government agencies and public officials comply with existing laws and other regulations in the performance of their duties.
The Committee on the Constitution KU is a Riksdag committee that scrutinises the ministers' performance of their official duties and the handling of government business. It also prepares matters concerning the Constitution, the Riksdag Act and the choice of auditors-general. The Swedish National Audit Office, which is an agency answerable to the Riksdag, scrutinises government agencies and enterprises and ensures their compliance with directives, rules and regulations.
It also verifies that they achieve their objectives, i. Some central government agencies are also supervisory authorities, that is, they exercise scrutiny themselves. In this way, the State scrutinises and supports the work of the county councils, regions and municipalities. The Swedish Schools Inspectorate is, for example, a supervisory authority that inspects schools to ensure that they comply with laws and regulations.
International and EU-related work has increased with globalisation and Sweden's membership of the EU. All of the ministries undertake EU-related work, prepare Swedish positions and monitor matters and cases in the Court of Justice of the European Union.
Sweden has been a member of the European Union since 1 January following a national referendum in Membership means that Sweden takes part in the EU's work and has the possibility to influence the decisions taken there. For the time being, Sweden remains outside the Economic and Monetary Union EMU , the members of which have the euro as a common currency.
A referendum was held in September on whether Sweden should join the single currency. The result was that Around Swedes work in the EU. Sweden became a member of the United Nations UN in , the year after the organisation was formed.
Since then, active involvement in the UN has been an important element of Swedish foreign policy. Sweden's Government, with broad support in the Riksdag, views cooperation within the UN as the most important instrument for dealing with the major global life-and-death issues. This requires a strong UN and close cooperation with local organisations, individual countries and civil society in all parts of the world. Since the s, Sweden has taken part in most UN peacekeeping operations.
Sweden works within a broad spectrum of UN areas of activity and has been a driving force behind significant initiatives. The abolition of the death penalty, children's rights, the abolition of apartheid, the Convention against Torture, disarmament, the environment and the fight against drugs are examples of issues in which Sweden has taken an active hand.
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